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Abstract The genus Ponera includes over 60 extant species worldwide. These tiny, endogeic predator ants are predominantly distributed in the Indomalaya and Australasia regions, with a few additional Holarctic species. Herein, we explore and describe the diversity of the Malagasy Ponera fauna through an integrative taxonomic approach. We obtained our morphological species hypotheses from multivariate analyses of ten continuous morphometric characters. Species boundaries and reliability of morphological clusters were tested via confirmatory Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), cross-validation (LOOCV), and analyses of a mitochondrial COI gene fragment. According to the combined application of the analyses, altogether, three species are inferred in the Malagasy region, Ponera petila Wilson (1957), P. swezeyi Wheeler (1933), and P. adumbrans Csősz & Fisher sp. n. Ponera petila and P. swezeyi belong to the Indo-Australian Ponera tenuis group; the third species, P. adumbrans sp. n., is morphologically similar to the Papua New Guinean P. clavicornis Emery (1900). Furthermore, Linear Discriminant Analysis classified the type specimens of P. bableti Perrault (1993), along with a P. petila cluster with posterior p  = 1. Therefore, we propose the new junior synonymy of P. bableti with P. petila . Madagascar’s extant biodiversity is predominantly explained by colonization events from the African continent across the Mozambique channel via rafting. However, since no native Ponera species are known from the Afrotropical continent, and the closest congeners have an almost exclusively Indo-Australian distribution, the likelihood of an Indo-Australian origin of the Malagasy Ponera fauna is implied. 

Abstract The classification of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has progressed in waves since the first 17 species were described by Linnaeus in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae. Since then, over 18,000 species-rank names have accumulated for the global myrmecofauna, of which ~14,260 living and ~810 fossil species are valid. Here, we provide a synopsis of ant biodiversity and review the history and classification of the family, while highlighting the massive growth of the field in the new millennium. We observe that major transformation has occurred for ant classification due to advances in DNA sequencing technologies, model-based hypothesis testing, and imaging technologies. We therefore provide a revised and illustrated list of diagnostic character states for the higher clades of Formicidae, recognizing that vastly more work is to be done. To facilitate discussion and the systematic accumulation of evolutionary knowledge for the early evolution of the ants, we suggest an informal nomenclatural system for the higher clades of ants, based on names currently in use and a set of names that have been democratically selected by the authors. To guide future work on ant systematics, we summarize currently available databases and present perspectives on regions in need of biodiversity exploration, challenges facing the field, and the future of ant taxonomy.